Veterinary and Animal Science

Animal Welfare science makes use of a variety of indicators, including as life duration, disease, immunosuppression, behavior, physiology, and reproduction, while there is disagreement over which of these markers provides the most useful data. Cover for animal welfare is frequently based on the assumption that non-human animals are aware of the considerations that must be made in order for them to prosper or endure, especially when they are in human care.

Animal protection the welfare of animals is what makes beings happy. The standards for exceptional animal welfare vary greatly depending on the context. These standards are always being reviewed, debated, and reexamined by animal welfare organizations, lawmakers, and academics around the world.

Animal Vaccines are a key tool to prevent disease burden in domestic animals, pets, farm animal to maintain animal health and welfare. Vaccination plays a vital role in control and prevention of diseases. The Animal vaccines available today represent years of innovative research and meet many of the disease threats faced by pets and farm animals. Vaccines are available for many animals, dogs (canine parvovirus), sheep’s or cattle (bluetongue), travelling pets (rabies). The task in developing new vaccines tells us that vaccines are part of many of animal medicines – that together protect and treat our companion and farm animals.

The continued life of an animal group depends on reproduction in large part. Animals compete with other people to maintain their own level of activity for as long as necessary in order to enable them to produce tissue that is essential to the survival of their species. The reproductive tissue usually ends up being clearly isolated from the individual to form the border of an independent organism. Animal hereditary traits help advance breeding innovation and testing services, such as genetic trait tests, DNA splicing, and hereditary disease diagnostics.

Animal hereditary traits have recently experienced tremendous growth, which is primarily attributable to growing demand for animal products because of the expanding global population, the development of cutting-edge technologies in animal, testing, and growing public awareness of veterinary hereditary issues. The market for animal is segmented based on testing providers, products, and regions. The Asian market is expected to demonstrate a significantly swift development during the indicator period, heavily influenced by the growing demand for veterinary finish items, use of animal welfare acts, and increase in the number of inhabitants in domesticated animals. Created terrains like Europe and North America are likely to grow at nearly higher CAGR than the Asian market.

There’s much more to veterinary dermatology than addressing a rogue rash or two. The skin diseases animals experience vary significantly by species, so veterinary dermatologists need to have experience in many different types of treatments. They also receive training in internal medicine, immunology, and allergy since some dermatological issues stem from a health problem within.

When animals become injured or suddenly develop a life-threatening health problem, they need prompt medical attention. Veterinary specialists in emergency and critical care are trained for these types of high-pressure situations. No matter the emergency, they’re equipped to act swiftly and ensure the animal in question gets the immediate attention it needs.

Internal Medicine or Internists specialists, apply knowledge and clinical expertise to the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions affecting vital organs, including diseases of the respiratory system, digestive system, liver and pancreas, endocrine system, urinary system, and immune system as well as infectious diseases, among many others. Internal medicine veterinarians can further specialize in the following:

• Cardiology

• Large animal internal medicine

• Neurology

• Oncology

• Small animal internal medicine

Animal Microbiology is the field which deals with the study of different types of diseases which is caused by microorganisms like virus, fungi, bacteria etc in the animals. It is important to maintain the microbial safety in the animals which provides food, meat, milk, dairy products which is used by human’s food in the day to day life. Microorganisms might lead to disease companionship between animals and humans.

Veterinary microbiologists are often the driving force behind developing treatments for infectious animal diseases. They typically work in a lab setting to research bacteria, parasites, and other microorganisms that cause disease. Because some diseases can affect both animals and humans, veterinary microbiologists play a crucial role in protecting public health.

• Fungal diseases
• Viral diseases
• Bacterial infection
• Other microbial infections

In veterinary management of animals, anaesthesia (rendering animals unconscious to permit procedures) and analgesia (reducing the pain an animal is suffering) have vital importance in improving animal welfare, as well as permitting the ongoing developments in medical and surgical advances.

Anaesthesia has always carried risks, and we have an increasing availability of monitoring equipment to help us monitor the physiological function of the body during anaesthesia with the aim of reducing morbidity and mortality in our animals.

Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology is the study of drug administration and drug effects in animals, many of which are sick or injured. For example, if it is known that drug elimination is decreased by renal failure, then the dose of that drug must be reduced for an animal with renal failure. Veterinary Clinical Pharmacologists help ensure animals receive safe, effective treatment.

The Human-Animal Bond is a mutually beneficial and dynamic relationship between people and animals that is influenced by behaviors essential to the health and wellbeing of both. This includes, among other things, emotional, psychological, and physical interactions of people, animals, and the environment. The veterinarian's role in the Human-Animal Bond is to maximize the potentials of this relationship between people and animals.

Veterinary Dentistry is the field of dentistry applied to the care of animals. It is the art and science of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions, diseases, and disorders of the oral cavity, the maxillofacial region, and its associated structures as it relates to animals. Animals might not care if they have aesthetically pleasing teeth, but healthy chompers are essential for their daily lives. Dental problems can lead to malnourishment and general discomfort.

Veterinary Care and management are usually led by a veterinary physician (usually called a veterinarian, veterinary surgeon or "vet" - doctor of veterinary medicine or veterinary medical doctor). This role is the equivalent of a physician or surgeon (medical doctor) in human medicine, and involves postgraduate study and qualification.

In many countries, the local nomenclature for a vet is a protected term, meaning that people without the prerequisite qualifications and/or registration are not able to use the title, and in many cases, the activities that may be undertaken by a vet (such as animal treatment or surgery) are restricted only to those people who are registered as vet. For instance, in the United Kingdom, as in other jurisdictions, animal treatment may be performed only by registered vets (with a few designated exceptions, such as Para veterinary workers), calling oneself a vet without being registered or performing any treatment is illegal.

Behavioral Medicine is concerned with the integration of knowledge in the biological, behavioral, psychological, and social sciences relevant to health and illness. These sciences include epidemiology, anthropology, sociology, psychology, physiology, pharmacology, nutrition, neuroanatomical, endocrinology, and immunology. The term is often used interchangeably, but incorrectly, with health psychology.[citation needed] The practice of behavioral medicine encompasses health psychology, but also includes applied psychophysiological therapies such as biofeedback, hypnosis, and bio-behavioral therapy of physical disorders, aspects of occupational therapy, rehabilitation medicine, and physiatrist, as well as preventive medicine. In contrast, health psychology represents a stronger emphasis specifically on psychology's role in both behavioral medicine and behavioral health.

Wildlife Ecology is the applied ecology and management of wild populations of birds and mammals. This includes the study of terrestrial and aquatic wildlife & biodiversity monitoring and conservation, endangered species management, protected areas planning, ornithology, stream ecology, and fish habitat.

Veterinary Parasitology is the study of animal parasites, especially relationships between parasites and animal hosts. Parasites of domestic animals, (livestock and pet animals), as well as wildlife animals are considered. Using a variety of research methods, they diagnose, treat, and prevent animal parasitizes.

Medical Parasitology is the branch of sciences dealing with parasites which infect humans, the diseases caused by them, clinical picture and the response produced by humans against them. It is also concerned with various methods of their diagnosis, treatment and their prevention & control.

A Zoonosis is an infectious disease that has jumped from a non-human animal to humans. Zoonotic pathogens may be bacterial, viral or parasitic, or may involve unconventional agents and can spread to humans through direct contact or through food, water or the environment. They represent a major public health problem around the world due to our close relationship with animals in agriculture, as companions and in the natural environment. Zoonoses can also cause disruptions in the production and trade of animal products for food and other uses.

One major area of environmental impact that comes with the operation of a veterinary establishment is the consumption of resources. Much like human hospitals, veterinary establishments are resource intense. You need medicine, equipment, fluids, inhalant gases, temperature regulated environments and much, much more.

Animal Structure and Function is a lecture and laboratory-based subject that explores the amazing morphological diversity of life and how this has evolved to meet essential biological functions. The course is structured around a series of key ‘biological challenges’ within which we will compare and contrast different ‘biological solutions’ to the same problem across animals ranging from corals through to apes. In the practical’s, you will learn how to classify animals and interpret their features, and develop an integrated understanding of animal diversity and the evolutionary forces that drive this.

The Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery is dedicated to enhancing the science and practice of companion animal medicine through the teaching and mentoring of students, interns, and residents; by providing exceptional clinical services as part of the College’s Veterinary Teaching Hospital; and through advancing the knowledge of health and disease.

Veterinarians working in research use a full range of sophisticated laboratory equipment. Veterinarians can contribute to human as well as to animal health. A number of veterinarians work with physicians and scientists as they research ways to prevent and treat various human health problems. Veterinarians help prevent, diagnose and treat health problems in a wide variety of animals. Regardless of whether the animal is a family pet, a prize-winning race horse, a dairy cow, a circus lion, or seal in a zoo, its healthcare depends on veterinarians.

Telemedicine is a subcategory of telehealth that involves use of a tool to exchange medical information electronically from one site to another to improve a patient's clinical health status. Examples include using Skype or a mobile app to communicate with a client and visually observe the patient for a post-operative follow-up examination and discussion. Telemedicine is a tool of practice, not a separate discipline within the profession. The appropriate application of telemedicine can enhance animal care by facilitating communication, diagnostics, treatments, client education, scheduling, and other tasks. Practitioners must comply with laws and regulations in the state in which they are licensed to practice veterinary medicine. Telemedicine may only be conducted within an existing veterinarian-client-patient relationship, with the exception for advice given in an emergency care situation until a patient can be seen by or transported to a veterinarian.

Animal Genetics is the study of genes. Genes impact the performances of an animal and are passed on from parents to offspring. At Hendrix Genetics, we study animals and collect data on the performances or so-called traits they express. Like being resilient to fight off diseases, or being able to grow with fewer resources, and much, much more. We use the latest technology to gather and process these data, and we do so for each and every individual animal in our breeding  program. Like that, we are able to carefully evaluate the genetic potential of single animals and select which are the best parents to produce healthier and more efficient offspring. The result is; better breeding today, for a brighter life tomorrow.

Layer poultry farming means raising egg-laying poultry birds for commercial egg production. Layer chickens are a particular species of hens which need to be raised from one day old, and they start laying eggs commercially from 18-19 weeks of age. They remain to lay eggs continuously till 72-78 weeks of age.

Disease in Layer Poultry Farming

• Fowl Pox.
• Newcastle Disease.
• Infectious Bronchitis.
• Avian Influenza.
• Infectious Laryngotracheitis.
• Mycoplasma synoviae.
• Aspergillosis.
• Marek's Disease.